Ancient Philosophy

The article "Philosophy and Literature Before the Ancient Greeks" by Michael Koy in The History Inquiry highlights the deep roots of philosophical thought and literature that predate Ancient Greece, tracing back to the Bronze Age. It emphasizes the profound influence of Sumerian and Babylonian "Wisdom Literature" on Greek philosophy. Through poems and stories, these civilizations explored philosophical themes, with notable works like the Babylonian Theodicy and Dialog of Pessimism presenting early reflections on life's absurdity and the nature of divinity. These texts, preserved in the Assyrian Library of Ashurbanipal, demonstrate the continuity and evolution of human thought, suggesting a legacy that influenced both the Old Testament and potentially Greek philosophical traditions.

The interweaving of philosophical inquiries and literary expression in these ancient texts reveals a sophisticated understanding of the human condition and morality that resonates with modern existential questions. Furthermore, by examining these early contributions, Koy acknowledges the foundational role of Mesopotamian cultures in the development of Western philosophy and challenges the Eurocentric narrative that often overlooks the intellectual achievements of non-Greek civilizations.

Indian Philosophy

The Vedas are a monumental testament to India's ancient intellectual and spiritual lineage, widely regarded as the oldest texts within Indo-European traditions. Their origin remains mysterious due to the absence of historical documentation from their inception. Esteemed scholars like Max Müller, Haug, and Bâl Ga@ngâdhar Tilak have speculated their creation dates to be around 1200 B.C., 2400 B.C., and 4000 B.C., respectively, though these estimates remain speculative. The Vedas serve as a foundational cornerstone for Hindu philosophy and significantly influence later developments in Indian philosophical thought, from the Upanishads to the intricate doctrines of Buddhism and Jainism. This rich tapestry of religious and philosophical evolution underscores the profound, reflective nature of ancient Indian civilization and its quest for understanding the cosmos, life, and the divine.

Western Philosophy

Frank Thilly's "A History of Philosophy" delves into the emergence and evolution of early Greek thought, emphasizing the unique journey of the Greeks from mythological interpretations of the world to the establishment of philosophy as a discipline. Unlike other ancient civilizations, the Greeks transcended mythological thinking to lay the foundational principles and pose questions that have influenced Western thought for millennia. Their philosophy, marked by an unwavering spirit of independence and a relentless pursuit of truth, is a pivotal example of intellectual evolution. This exploration into Greek philosophy highlights the critical problems and solutions proposed by Greek thinkers. It underscores the influence of Greece's geographical and cultural environment on fostering a tradition of speculative thought unparalleled in human history.

Thilly underscores the transformative period at the end of the fifth century B.C., where intellectual and moral uncertainty necessitated a guiding figure to restore clarity and order. Socrates emerged as this pivotal figure, adept at discerning truth from falsehood and essential from accidental, thereby realigning human perception and understanding. His role as a mediator between extreme conservative and liberal views marked him as one of the most influential thinkers in history. Socrates is the intellectual progenitor of a lineage of philosophers whose thoughts and ideals have shaped Western civilization for millennia and continue to impact contemporary philosophical discourse.

Eastern Philosophy

Drawing from the texts provided by Mel Thompson's "Eastern Philosophy," the narrative begins with an understanding that the very fabric of Chinese philosophy intertwines with the threads of its language and writing. The ideograms, more than mere symbols, are keys to unlocking the nuances of a complex, historically rich culture. Chinese characters, in their depiction of entire concepts, become the vessels through which the people's collective consciousness is expressed and preserved.

This linguistic intricacy portrays the multifaceted traditions of Chinese philosophical thought. As Thompson delves into the ancient schools—Confucianism and Taoism, which emerged from the rich soil of the sixth century BCE, alongside the pragmatic Mohism and the order-seeking Legalism—the narrative recognizes that just as the meaning of Chinese words shifts with context, so too does philosophical understanding evolve with the times. These philosophies, rooted in the Qin Dynasty's unification era, display a commitment to exploring life's fundamental questions within the framework of their society's specific realities.

Thompson's exposition invites us into a world where language is not merely a tool for communication but an essential component of philosophical inquiry. Exploring Chinese philosophy, thus, becomes an invitation to engage with a history where every word, every ideogram, carries within it the weight of centuries and the light of human thought, challenging and shaping the ethos of a civilization.

Islamic Philosophy

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Jewish Philosophy

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The principle of freedom is understood as the possibility to act. While laws regulate the events of procedure, they do not rule 'the lack of freedom,' and every committed crime is not stopped; instead, it is punished. To prevent something from being done is to deprive the freedom of the subject to act. No law commands the hands and the feet of an individual.

So far, there hasn't been any given idea about rights that command pleasure or precise humanity. (For example, there is no such thing as the right/or the privilege to eat.) If we consider them given for pleasure, it will be a way to tell someone what to do.

Suicidal is just a moment of reasoning.

There is a point in life in which we experience it alone. It is a pain of pride. To be in great distress and to not bear the inability to articulate internal concerns is difficult. The understanding relates to the signification that represents the word PRIDE. Pride is the opinion about oneself that has grown throughout one's lifetime in many moments.

When humanity asks why

In its attempt to survive or live, humanity has been experiencing constant pain and suffering. In every difficult meeting, we have had only one question in mind: why? Without question, we couldn't go on, feel relief, or earn understanding. And where do the whys lead after being answered? 

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